Effects of dietary acidification and acid source on fish growth and feed efficiency (Review)

The human population has increased considerably worldwide, including in the Philippines. Aquaculture is one of main food sectors that provides a cheap source protein Changes diet composition aquaculture have brought about concerns regarding certain negative effects at gastrointestinal levels. replacement fish meal with plant considerable proportion majority cultured species led to proliferative and inflammatory responses intestines various (functionally) monogastric animals. In feed, dietary supplementation organic acids their salts as growth promoters been established. use acidifiers aquafeed requires different approach due diversified feeding habits wide variation digestive system structure physiological function. Dietary can increase pancreatic enzyme production, decrease stomach pH levels, inhibit pathogens, provide energy, improve mineral utilization nutrient digestibility, all which development performance. Acidifiers are currently widely used animal aquafeed, several manufacturers created next‑generation additional benefits. present review article discusses acidifiers, mechanisms action, growth, feed efficiency, immunity future research opportunities. rate efficiency also reviewed regards acid sources, such acetic acid, citric hydrochloric control‑no acid. addition, attractability diets for levels sources was determined. survival rates fishes were determined based on used. Any an optimum level, e.g., 4.6 tilapia fry, attractability, warrant further attention.